24/01/26 영어공부 - 커피 관련 기사

24/01/26 

Article: All arabica coffee is genetically similar: how can beans taste so different?

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00165-x?utm_source=Live+Audience&utm_campaign=1dc11435fc-briefing-dy-20240124&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b27a691814-1dc11435fc-51747224

 

The article provides new insights into the genetic variations of Coffea arabica, the primary species of coffee beans. Unlike other organisms, the genetic differences in coffee varieties are not due to single nucleotide variations but result from significant chromosomal rearrangements, including deletions and duplications. This is due to C. arabica’s polyploidy and its relatively recent hybrid origin. Despite low genetic variation, there is considerable diversity in physical traits and flavor profiles among coffee plants. The sequenced genome will aid coffee breeders in developing strains with desirable traits such as disease resistance and low caffeine levels, addressing challenges posed by disease and climate change. - 원두마다 다른 맛을 내는데에 대한 이유.  DNA level에서의 작은 nucleotide 차이도 있지만 이 뿐만 아니라 structural level, chromosomal level, deletion, insertion 등 다양한 차이에 의한 종 마다의 특성이 있음. Species들이 기후 변화나 질병에 이겨내기 위해서 진화해옴에 따라서 생긴 변화들.

 

[Sentence], having pp ~

The species is also relatively young, having formed as a hybrid of robusta and Coffea eugenioides — another coffee species that is not widely cultivated — within the past 50,000 years.

 

"Having formed" is indeed in the past tense, specifically the present perfect tense. It indicates an action that occurred before another action in the past. In this case, "having formed" refers to the formation of the species, which happened before the time frame being discussed in the sentence.

 

예시: Having completed his degree, John started looking a job

(It indicates that the action of completing the degree happened before John started looking for a job. The past action ("completed his degree") is connected to the subsequent action ("started looking for a job") ) 

 

 

 

Coffea arabica cherries growing on the bush. Credit: Pramote Polyamate/Getty

 

Be down to 

But the differences in the flavour notes and other characteristics of coffee varieties from around the world are not down to variations in individual genes, a study has found.

 

In the sentence you provided, "down" is used to mean "attributable to" or "caused by."

 

예시: The decline in the company's profits was not down to poor marketing strategies but rather to changes in cosumer preference.

 

 

[Sentence], in which [Sentence]

There were deletions, in which fragments of chromosomes were missing — in some cases large chunks — and even instances in which entire chromosomes were absent.

 

"In which" is a relative pronoun phrase used to provide additional information about the location or condition (the deletions and instances mentioned in the sentence).

* in which자리에 where을 쓸 수 있음. 의미적으로 문법적으로 동일. 그러나 in which는 formal/structural context/academic writing등에서 쓰이고, where은 캐주얼한 대화에서 formal writing까지 다양하게 쓰일 수 있음. 

 

예시: The library had several rare manuscripts, in which ancient scripts were meticulously preserved, offering a glimpse into historical civilizations. ('in which' provides additional information about the rare manuscripts, specifically about the condition or content of the manuscripts.)